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IG_264: mašrabīya with three replicas of stucco glass windows with flowers in a vase and circle and flower ornamentation
(Oesterreich_Wien_MAK_IG_264_1)

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Title

Mashrabiyya with three replicas of stucco and glass windows with flowers in a vase with circle and flower ornamentation

Type of Object
Dimensions
ca. 53.5 x 33.5 x 2.5 cm (dimension of individual panels)

Iconography

Description

The three stucco and glass windows installed in this wooden mashrabiyya are replicas. Each consists of a stucco lattice and a panel of red flashed glass that was etched and then painted with silver stain and coloured enamels; the glass is loosely inserted into the frame behind the stucco lattice.

The motifs of the three windows form an ensemble. The design of the central panel (2) consists of flowers in a vase mirrored along the central axis. The red, blue, and turquoise-green flowers in this replica are more naturalistic than those depicted in real Islamic stucco and glass windows with the same motif. However, the species of the flowers in the vase cannot be identified, despite their naturalistic representation. The vase is set on a low base and flanked by tulips and carnations. The motif is framed by an ogee arch. Stylizised six-petalled flowers decorate the red spandrels above the arch. The entire motif is enclosed by a rectangular double frame decorated with blue dots.

The two side panels (1) and (3) show identical motifs consisting of alternating rows of interlaced circles and six-petalled flowers in yellow and red. The symmetrically arranged ornamentation is interspersed with two vertical and two zigzag bands in blue. The coloured motif is set against a background of unpainted clear glass. As in the window in the centre, the main motif is surrounded by a pointed arch and a blue-dotted rectangular double frame. There are subtle diffrences regarding the colouring of the spandrels above the arch: as in the central panel, the flower-decorated spandrels in the window on the left are entirely backed with red-enamelled glass, while those in the window on the right consist of red flowers (etched red flashed glass) on a yellow (silver-stain) background.

Iconclass Code
25G41 · flowers
25G41(CARNATION) · flowers: carnation
25G41(TULIP) · flowers: tulip
41A6711 · flowers in a vase
48A981 · ornament ~ geometric motifs
48A98131 · ornament ~ circle and derived from circle, e.g.: guilloche
48A983 · ornament derived from plant forms
48A9833 · flowers ~ ornament
Iconclass Keywords

Technique / State

State of Conservation and Restorations

The latticework of the panel on the left (1) and in the middle (2) is well preserved; there are several small losses in the upper part of both stucco grilles. The panel on the right (3), shows a large diamond-shaped loss in the centre and some smaller losses in the top half and in the centre right part of the stucco grille. The painted glass panes are all intact.

Technique

Latticework backed by a single, rectangular glass sheet. The glass sheet is not attached to the latticework but placed loosely behind it. In contrast to the latticework of traditional qamariyyāt manufactured in Egypt, which are produced by pouring plaster into wooden frames and carving out the motifs, the plaster grilles of these three windows were most probably made using the casting technique. They are unframed and the surface of their latticework is very even and smooth and does not show any toolmarks.


The glass panel shows round as well as parallel elongated bubbles that are characteristic of broad-sheet glass. The red color along the edges is an indication that it was originally a red flashed glass; the red motifs remained after the surrounding area was etched out. The panel was then painted with silver stain (yellow) as well as blue and (turquoise) green enamels following the design of the latticework.

History

Research

This wooden mashrabiyya with the three replica window placed in its upper section is part of the Arab Room (Arabisches Zimmer) designed by the Czech architects František Schmoranz (1845–1892) and Johann Machytka (1844–1887) for the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie. The museum, now known as the MAK – Museum für angewandte Kunst, was founded in 1863 by the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830–1916).

The Arab Room project started with the donation of several wooden furnishings (doors and wall cabinets) from a group of Egyptian buildings designed by Schmoranz for the Vienna world’s fair of 1873 (see for instance IG_227, IG_457, IG_458) to the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (MAK Archives, AZ 1881-190, see also Lauser, 1883, pp. 15–16). In order to present the pieces as part of the permanent exhibition, the museum followed the widespread trend of creating rooms in specific styles composed of original furnishings and contemporary replicas made by local artisans. Comparable examples of such rooms dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries can be found across Europe, for instance in the Maison Loti in Rochefort (IG_426–431), in Leighton House in London (IG_48–IG_59, IG_91), and in the fumoir arabe of Henri Moser Charloltenfels in Bern (IG_64).

According to a preliminary design for the Arab Room by Schmoranz and Machytka dating from 1881, the planning of the Arab-style interior had already begun in 1881 (see Linked objects and images). Both architects had first-hand knowledge of the Islamic architecture of Egypt, and more specifically Cairene domestic architecture, from which they drew the models for the Arab Room. The latter represents a simplified version of a *qāʿa*, the traditional reception room of Ottoman houses in Egypt. Originally located at first-floor level towards the Ringstrasse, the Arab Room was inaugurated on 1 May 1883 and remained at its original location until 1931, when it was dismantled and moved into storage. Today, the Arab Room is only partially preserved. However, the preliminary design by the architects mentioned above, together with a partial view of the room published in 1883 (Lauser, 1883, p. 17), five drawings by the Swiss architect Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, 1887–1965) executed during his stay in Vienna from November 1907 until mid-March 1908 (Paris, Fondation Le Corbusier, DE_2055, DE_2081, DE_2082, DE_2116, DE_2117, see Sekler 2000), as well as two historical photographs by Josef Löwy taken before 1924 give us at least some idea of the original setting (see Linked objects and images).

Three of the original six stucco and glass windows installed in the upper part of two custom-made wooden mashrabiyyāt (MAK, H 3358-3 (windows lost today), H 3358-4) have been preserved. They are reminiscent of traditional qamariyyāt in terms of their position in the upper part of the window opening and the symmetrical arrangement of the windows, with the central window being flanked by two identical windows (for comparison see for instance IG_118, IG_119, IG_449).

The central panel (2) corresponds iconographically to one of the standard types of qamariyya widespread in Egypt during the Ottoman period. Comparable windows can be found in several of the collections studied (see for instance IG_7, IG_166, IG_178, IG_255, IG_356). The flowers in this replica are depicted in a more naturalistic way than those of Islamic stucco and glass windows from Egypt. It is therefore likely that the window was designed by a Western architect or artist. The motif of flowers in a vase is illustrated in numerous 19th- and early 20th-century publications. The illustrations were well known across Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They served as a source of inspiration for numerous architects and were probably also used as models for new windows. The designer of the stucco and glass window in the collection of the MAK (OR 3607, see IG_361), which was the direct model of the flowers in a vase replica discussed here, may have drawn his inspiration from an illustration by Émile Prisse d’Avennes (1807–1879); see IG_43. In contrast to the replica, the ‘model’ was made using the traditional Islamic technique of embedding coloured pieces of glass in a thin layer of plaster on the reverse side of the latticework. The naturalistic rendering of the flowers, however, clearly identify the designer as being Western.

The design of the side panels (1) and (3) differs significantly from Islamic examples, despite the symmetrical layout of the individual elements (circles, flowers, bands). A direct model for the two windows may have been a stucco and glass window that originally formed part of the collection of the Orientalisches Museum (from 1886 the k.k. Österreichisches Handelsmuseum) in Vienna (MAK, OR 3606, IG_360). As the above mentioned window (IG_361), this prototype was also executed according the Islamic manufacturing technique. It is likely that these windows too were designed by a Western architect or artist and subsequently transferred, together with other stucco and glass windows, to the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie in 1907 (Wieninger, 2012).

The replicas in Moser’s fumoir arabe (IG_64), the Selamlik at Oberhofen Castle (IG_322IG_328), were made in the Western stained-glass technique. Schmoranz and Machytka, however, opted for an unusual and much simpler technique by placing painted panes of glass behind the stucco lattice. In a newspaper article published on 3 May 1883, the Tiroler Glasmalerei Gesellschaft is mentioned among other Austrian workshops involved in the realization of the Arab Room (Anon. 1883). According to Sekler, the Tiroler Glasmalerei und Kathedral Glashütte are also listed in the final invoice dated 7 July 1883 (Sekler, 2000, pp. 264–265). Even though the invoice mentioned could not be located in the MAK archives, it is very likely that the Tiroler Glasmalerei und Mosaik-Anstalt founded in 1861 in Innsbruck was in charge of etching the red flashed glass and painting it with silver stain and coloured enamels.

As intended by the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie, the Arab Room of the MAK and its windows quickly became reference works for local architects, artisans and patrons (Anon. 1883, see also Lauser, 1883, p. 16), as attested by another Viennese interior (see IG_371–IG_375), executed in 1901 for the Austrian entrepreneur Anton Johann Kainz-Bindl (1879–1957).

Dating
1881–1883
Period
1881 – 1883
Place of Manufacture
Inventory Number
H 3358-4

Bibliography and Sources

Literature

"Arabisches Zimmer" and "Das arabische Zimmer (kah) im Oesterreichischen Museum" (Mai 1883). Deutsche Zeitung. Familienarchiv Schmoranz – Franz Schmoranz jr., Zuwachsnummer 17/2012, Karton Nr. 1N.

Handwritten letter from k.k. Burghauptmannschaft, 1st April 1881, MAK Archives, AZ 1881-190.

Lauser, W. (1883). Die Ka'a. In Die Kunst in Oesterreich-Ungarn. Jahrbuch der Allgemeinen Kunst-Chronik, 1, 15–18.

Ofner, J. (2021). Das «Arabische Zimmer» (1883–1931) von Franz Schmoranz und Johann Machytka aus dem ehem. k.k. Österreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie. In M. Hartmuth, & J. Rüdiger (Eds.), Gezimmertes Morgenland. Orientalische und orientalisierende Holzinterieurs in Mitteleuropa im späten 19. Jahrhundert Phänomenalität, Materialität, Historizität (pp. 153-168). Wien: Böhlau.

Sekler, M. P. M. (2000). Le Corbusier und das Museum als eine Stätte des Lernens. In: P. Noever (Ed.), Kunst und Industrie. Die Anfänge des Museums für Angewandte Kunst in Wien, exhibition catalogue (pp. 252-270). Wien and Ostfildern-Ruit: Museum für Angewandte Kunst in Wien.

Wieninger, J. (2012). Das Orientalische Museum in Wien: 1874–1906. Austriaca, 37, 143–158.

Exhibitions

18.5.2024–1.9.2024: Luminosité de l’Orient, Vitromusée Romont

Image Information

Name of Image
Oesterreich_Wien_MAK_IG_264_1
Credits
© MAK/Christian Mendez

Inventory

Reference Number
IG_264
Author and Date of Entry
Francine Giese 2024; Sophie Wolf 2024

Linked Objects and Images

Linked Objects
Stucco and glass window with circle and flower ornamentation
Stucco and glass window with flowers in a vase
Additional Images
Entwurf einer arabischen Ausstattung des Saales Nro XIV im k.k. österreich. Museum in Wien
Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret), Chambre arabe, vers 1908
Arab Room at the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (today the MAK)