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IG_360: Stucco glass window with circle and flower ornamentation
(Oesterreich_Wien_MAK_IG_360)

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Titre

Stucco and glass window with circle and flower ornamentation

Type d'objet
Artiste
Lieu de production
Égypte · ?
Datation
13th century AH / Second half of 19th century AD
Dimensions
58 x 39.5 cm (with frame); 52.2 x 34.2 cm (without frame)

Iconographie

Description

The design of this stucco and glass window consists of alternating rows of interlaced circles and six-petalled flowers in yellow. The symmetrically arranged ornamentation is interspersed with two vertical and two zigzag bands in blue. The motif is set in a background of colourless glass and framed by an ogee arch. Stylizised six-petalled flowers in red and light blue are set in the red-coloured spandrels above the arch. The entire motif is surrounded by a rectangular double frame decorated with blue dots.

The window is preserved in a wooden frame 45mm wide. The frame is painted brown.

Code Iconclass
48A981 · ornement ~ motifs géométriques
48A98131 · ornement ~ cercle et dérivé du cercle, p.ex. : guillochis
48A983 · ornement dérivé de formes végétales
48A9833 · fleurs ~ ornement
Mot-clés Iconclass
Inscription

Label on front side (bottom right, lettering upside down): Fenster 1

Technique / Etat

Etat de conservation et restaurations

This stucco and glass window is well preserved. There are only minor losses in the latticework and around the edges on the back of the stucco panel.

Technique

Latticework inlaid with colourless and coloured glass. The pieces of glass are fixed on the back of the lattice with a 1.5–2mm-thick plaster layer. The stucco layer fixing the pieces of glass to the back of the panel has been dressed with a serrated tool, possibly to remove excess plaster.

Most of the stucco and glass windows examined in the project were produced by pouring plaster into a wooden frame with a hollow profile and by carving out the panel with sharp, knife-like tools following a template incised on its front surface. The latticework of this window, however, does not show any of the typical characteristics that would testify to this process: Firstly, the stucco panel is not firmly attached to the frame – there is some play between the frame and the panel, which is held in place with nails and a stucco seal along the edges. This suggests that the present frame is not original and that the latticework was most likely fitted into the frame at a later stage. Secondly, the surfaces of the latticework are relatively smooth and even, suggesting that the latticework has been made by casting instead of having been carved out of a solid plaster panel.

The design has two levels: The main motif (level –1) is recessed (c.4mm) with respect to the arch and the dotted double frame. The latticework has been conceived in such a way that the incident light is directed slightly downwards into the room.

Some of the colourless and coloured pieces of glass show small, elongated and parallel bubbles suggesting that the sheet glass was mouth-blown, possibly using the broad-sheet method The pieces of glass are cut according to the design of the latticework. Some pieces show scratch marks along the edges, which testify to the use of a glass cutter.

Historique de l'oeuvre

Recherche

The design of this window differs significantly from Islamic examples, despite the symmetrical arrangement of the individual elements (circles, flowers, bands). The finely drawn circles, in particular, are reminiscent of drawings in ornament treatises from the 19th century. We therefore assume that the window was designed by a Western architect in the second half of the 19th century, when interest in Islamic ornament and stucco and glass windows was at its peak. However, the place of manufacture remains unclear. The production of the window is only partially in line with the traditional technology: While the glass pieces are fixed on the back in the traditional qamariyya style, the latticework seems to have been made using the casting technique and not cut out of a solid plaster plate. Despite these discrepancies, it cannot be ruled out that the window was produced in an Egyptian workshop according to the architect’s design. The sheet glass may have been imported from Europe, as mentioned by the Hungarian architect Max Herz (Herz, 1902, p. 53).

Owing to the lack of documentation, the original purpose of the window – be it for use in an Arab-style interior or for sale on the art market – and the date at which the window entered a museum collection are unknown. So far it can only be proven that the window formed part of the collection of the Orientalisches Museum in Vienna, founded in 1874 (from 1886 the k.k. Österreichisches Handelsmuseum). In 1907, it was transferred to the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (today the MAK – Museum für angewandte Kunst, Vienna). The transfer was done on the initiative of Arthur von Scala (1845–1909), who left the k.k. Österreichisches Handelsmuseum in 1897 to become the new director of the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (Wieninger, 2012).

Like the stylistically and technically related stucco and glass window MAK, 3607 (IG_361), this window served as a direct model for the lateral stucco and glass windows (panels 1 and 3) installed in the mashrabiyya of the Arab Room of the k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (MAK, H 3358-4, IG_264). The mashrabiyya and the stucco and glass windows were designed by the Czech architects František Schmoranz (1845–1892) and Johann Machytka (1844–1887) between 1881 and 1883. The date of manufacture of the window discussed here can therefore be further narrowed down, as it must have been created before 1883.

Datation
13th century AH / Second half of 19th century AD
Période
1850 – 1883
Localisation d'origine
Lieu de production
Égypte · ?
Propriétaire

Since 1907, k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (today MAK – Museum für angewandte Kunst), Vienna

Propriétaire précédent·e

?–1907 k.k. Orientalisches Museum (since 1886 k.k. Handelsmuseum), Vienna

Numéro d'inventaire
OR 3606

Bibliographie et sources

Bibliographie

Herz, M. (1902). Le musée national du Caire (premier article). Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 28, 45–59.

Wieninger, J. (2012). Das Orientalische Museum in Wien: 1874–1906. Austriaca, *37*, 143–158.

Informations sur l'image

Nom de l'image
Oesterreich_Wien_MAK_IG_360
Crédits photographiques
© MAK/Christian Mendez
Propriétaire

Since 1907, k.k. Österreichisches Museum für Kunst und Industrie (today MAK – Museum für angewandte Kunst), Vienna

Inventaire

Numéro de référence
IG_360
Auteur·e et date de la notice
Francine Giese 2024; Sophie Wolf 2024