Scottish landed aristocrat, industrialist, antiquarian, scholar, philanthropist, and architectural patron. In 1866, he began a long-term collaboration with the British architect and designer William Burges (1827–1881), who until his death in April 1881 substantially transformed and extended Cardiff Castle. Located in Wales, Cardiff Castle had been in the possession of the Bute family since 1766. One of his most exotic commissions was an Arab-style interior with four replicas of Islamic stucco and glass windows, designed by Burges and completed in 1882 by the British architect and brother-in-law of William Burges, Richard Popplewell Pullan (1825–1888).